Trabalho, subjetividade e América Latina: as alternativas populares no Brasil e na Colômbia

Abstract

The aim of this dissertation is to discuss popular alternatives for organizing work in Latin America, based on the study of two experiences in the struggle for land and the fight against hunger, one in Brazil and the other in Colombia, with the subjective dimension of reality as the axis of analysis of these alternatives. In Brazil, the Comuna da Terra Irmã Alberta and Cooperativa Terra e Liberdade as organizational expressions of the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). In Colombia, the Cooperativa Multiactiva por la Paz, Cooagropaz, is the result of the complexity of the reincorporation processes following the signing of the 2016 Peace Accords between the Colombian state and the FARC-EP. The research has its theoretical-methodological framework in historical and dialectical materialism and socio-historical psychology, seeking to draw up dialogues with Latin American Marxism, especially with the Marxist Theory of Dependency, as well as with contributions from social thought in the region, in the search for an understanding of the processes that constitute the particularity of Latin American capitalism and its historical negations. We seek to characterize the particularity of Latin American capitalism, from colonization to neoliberalism, including the indispensability of understanding its constitution in the relationship of dependence that is established in these peripheral economies, in its transformations and updates. Under the neoliberal model, this dynamic produces an upsurge in hunger, which is related to the deepening of the overexploitation of the workforce in its determinations in the racial and sexual division of labor, as an expression of the process of (re)imposition of neoliberal deepening. Furthermore, as a negative determination of this process, revolts, rebellions, and revolutions have emerged since the beginning of colonization, shaping political forms of organizing life and work as a way of confronting this condition of domination and exploitation. We seek to explain these emergences, focusing on their most current movements, in the analysis of the two alternatives, as possible current forms of confronting the social, political and economic production of hunger. They are alternatives that are a continuation of the transformation of Latin American historical struggles, given in their national realities and built in their territories by concrete subjects. They are human constructions given in the real needs of ontologically denied subjects, who affirm their existence in struggle. However, they go far beyond this, in the constant construction of an ancestral emancipatory horizon, in the shaping of forms of life organization that generate in themselves other possible relationships and new meanings. These political subjects are constituted in this movement. The analysis of the subjective dimension of reality is constituted in the formulation of categories of analysis that express the relationship between the objective conditions that constitute the alternatives and the meanings constituted in the emergence of this political subject